ShutBook

Madhyamika

2005-04-04T19:48:00.000-07:00

(Sanskrit: “Intermediate”), important school in the Mahayana (“Great Vehicle”) Buddhist tradition. Its name derives from its having sought a middle position between the realism of the Sarvastivada (“Doctrine That All Is Real”) school and the idealism of the Yogacara (“Mind Only”) school. The most renowned Madhyamika thinker was Nagarjuna (2nd century AD), who developed the doctrine that all

Alaskan Brown Bear

2005-04-03T09:04:00.000-07:00

Race or subspecies of grizzly bear (q.v.).

Mahalapye

2005-04-03T05:04:00.000-07:00

Village, eastern Botswana. It lies midway along the Mafikeng-Bulawayo railway and is 125 miles (200 km) northeast of Gaborone, the national capital. The name Mahalapye refers to an impala. The village is situated on a plateau with good pasturage, and its economy is based on cattle raising and extensive mixed farming of sorghum, corn (maize), and beans. Mahalapye has one of the country's

Andalusia

2005-04-02T11:02:00.000-08:00

Andalusia has a long history. Agriculture and complex society had developed in the region by 4000 BCE. During the 9th century BCE the Phoenicians founded the coastal colony of Gadir (now Cádiz), and by the 5th century BCE Carthaginians and Greeks had colonized the coast, while the indigenous Iberian peoples of the interior developed a rich urban culture. The Romans led by Scipio Africanus

France, History Of, Tax reform

2005-04-01T16:03:00.000-08:00

In 1749–51 Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville, then comptroller general of finances, proposed a partial reform of the tax system, his particular concern being to restrict the financial power of the church. In 1764 and 1765 another comptroller general, François de L'Averdy, attempted a reform of municipal representation and administration. All royal officials understood the

Mitchell, Wesley C.

2005-04-01T14:00:00.000-08:00

Mitchell was educated at the University of Chicago, where he came under the influence of Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey. He taught at numerous universities, including the University of Chicago (1900–02), the University of California (1902–12), Columbia University

Outlawry

2005-03-31T10:33:00.000-08:00

Act of putting a person beyond the protection of the law for his refusal to become amenable to the court having legal jurisdiction. In the past, this deprivation of legal benefits was invoked when a defendant or other person was in civil or criminal contempt of court; and, in cases of alleged treason or the commission of a felony (referred to as major outlawry), it amounted

Cabral De Melo Neto, João

2005-03-31T06:43:00.000-08:00

Cabral was born to a distinguished family of landowners. He had a brief stint as a public servant before he moved in 1940 to Rio de Janeiro. In 1942 he published his first collection of poems, Pedra do sono (“Stone of Sleep”). Although his early

Water

2005-03-30T19:18:00.000-08:00

A substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Water is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. It is vital to life, participating in virtually every process that occurs in plants and animals. Although the molecules of water are simple in structure (H2O), the physical and chemical properties

Thomas, Martha Carey

2005-03-29T01:26:00.000-08:00

Carey Thomas, as she preferred to be known, was the daughter of a modestly prosperous Quaker family. She attended Quaker schools in her native Baltimore, Maryland, and in Ithaca, New York, then overrode her father's objections

Genée, Dame Adeline

2005-03-28T15:03:00.000-08:00

At eight she was adopted by her aunt and uncle, the dancers who trained her for the ballet. Her early appearances were in Germany. From 1897 until 1907 she was prima ballerina at the Empire Theatre in London.

Cabral De Melo Neto, João

2005-03-28T03:58:00.000-08:00

Gundis are terrestrial and found

Japanese Red Army

2005-03-27T02:05:00.000-08:00

In full United Red Army Japanese Rengo Sekigun militant Japanese organization that was formed in 1969 in the merger of two far-left factions. Beginning in 1970, the Red Army undertook several major terrorist operations, including the hijacking of several Japan Air Lines airplanes, a massacre at Tel Aviv's Lod Airport (1972), and the seizure and occupation of embassies in various countries. In 1971–72 the organization underwent severe

Aschelminth, Reproduction and development

2005-03-26T21:46:00.000-08:00

Most aschelminths are bisexual; the male inseminates the female during copulation so that she lays fertilized shelled eggs. In some cases, these eggs may have started to develop before being laid. Parthenogenesis, by which the female's eggs develop without fertilization, is common. In most rotifers (i.e., the order Monogononta) males are smaller and less frequent than

Aholehole

2005-03-26T10:22:00.000-08:00

Any of several species of fishes constituting the family Kuhliidae (order Perciformes). Various members of the genus Kuhlia inhabit marine or fresh waters in the Indo-Pacific region, whereas representatives of the other two genera are restricted to freshwater or brackish habitats of Australia. Superficially the aholeholes resemble the freshwater sunfishes

Welland

2005-03-24T14:09:00.000-08:00

City, regional municipality of Niagara, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies along the Welland River and Welland Ship Canal. During the War of 1812 the area was the scene of several battles between British-Canadian and American forces. Founded as The Aqueduct by loyalists around the first Welland Canal (completed 1829), the settlement was renamed Merrittsville in 1842 after William

Kyaikkami

2005-03-24T07:58:00.000-08:00

Formerly Amherst, resort town, southeastern Myanmar (Burma). It is situated on a peninsula about 30 miles (48 km) south of the town of Moulmein. Originally a settlement of the Mon peoples, modern Kyaikkami was founded by the British during the annexation of Tenasserim and Arakan states after the First Burmese War (1824–26) and was named for William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, then governor-general

Arval Brothers

2005-03-24T00:50:00.000-08:00

Latin Fratres Arvales, in ancient Rome, college or priesthood whose chief original duty was to offer annual public sacrifice for the fertility of the fields. The brotherhood, probably of great antiquity, was almost forgotten in republican times but was revived by Augustus and probably lasted until the time of Theodosius I. It consisted of 12 members, elected for life from the highest ranks,

Ascus

2005-03-23T19:57:00.000-08:00

Plural Asci, a saclike structure produced by fungi of the class Ascomycetes (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed. Asci may arise from the fungal mycelium (the filaments, or hyphae, constituting the organism) without a distinct fruiting structure, as in the leaf curl fungi; it may arise within a fruiting structure (ascocarp)

Sacramento Mountains

2005-03-22T11:55:00.000-08:00

Segment of the southern Rockies, extending southward for 160 mi (260 km) from Ancho, in south central New Mexico, into Culberson County, western Texas, U.S. They include the Sierra Blanca and the Guadalupe and Jicarilla mountains, with heights averaging from 8,000 to 10,000 ft (2,400 to 3,000 m). The Sierra Blanca Peak (12,003 ft) is the highest in the group, and Guadalupe Peak (8,749 ft) is the highest in Texas. Features include

La Rochefoucauld Family

2005-03-22T02:17:00.000-08:00

One of France's noblest families, traceable in Angoumois to the year 1019. Ducal titles belonging to it are: duke (duc) de La Rochefoucauld (1622); duke de La Roche-Guyon (1679); duke d'Anville (1732); duke d'Estissac; duke de Liancourt (1747); duke de Doudeauville (1780); duke (duca) di Bisaccia (Neapolitan title; 1851); and duke (duque) de Estrées (Spanish title; 1892). Its two best-known members, François VI, Duke de La Rochefoucauld,

Amphibole

2005-03-20T22:04:00.000-08:00

Long prismatic, acicular, or fibrous crystal habit, Mohs hardness between 5 and 6, and two directions of cleavage intersecting at approximately 56° and 124° generally suffice to identify amphiboles in hand specimens. The specific gravity values of amphiboles range from about 2.9 to 3.6. Amphiboles yield water when heated in a closed tube and fuse with difficulty in a flame. Their

Hennepin, Louis

2005-03-20T20:48:00.000-08:00

Hennepin joined the Récollet Order of Friars Minor, Béthune, France, and in 1675 went to Canada with La Salle, whose chaplain he became in

Abdulla, Muhammed Said

2005-03-20T18:58:00.000-08:00

Abdulla, after completing his formal education, began his career as an inspector in the Colonial Health Department. After 10 years there, however, he decided to become a journalist. In 1948 he was made editor of the newspaper Zanzibari, and during the next decade he also

Allegheny

2005-03-19T04:01:00.000-08:00

County, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau bounded to the southeast by the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers and to the northeast by the Allegheny River. The Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela rivers converge in the centre of the county to form an area known as the Golden Triangle; this was a strategic point of contention

Bryennius, Nicephorus

2005-03-18T22:15:00.000-08:00

A favourite of the emperor Alexius I Comnenus, who gave him the title of caesar, Bryennius assisted Alexius in dealing with Godfrey of Bouillon, the leader of the First Crusade, by successfully

Paleogene Period

2005-03-18T05:35:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Palaeogene Period older of the two stratigraphic divisions of the Cenozoic Era (the Cenozoic Era began about 66.4 million years ago and extends to the present). The Paleogene, whose beginning coincides with that of the Cenozoic Era, ended 23.7 million years ago and was followed by the Neogene Period. The Paleogene, which means “ancient-born,” includes the Paleocene (Palaeocene), Eocene, and Oligocene

Kidnapping

2005-03-18T03:57:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kidnaping, criminal offense consisting of the unlawful taking and carrying away of a person by force or fraud or the unlawful seizure and detention of a person against his will. The principal motives for kidnapping are to subject the victim to some form of involuntary servitude, to expose him to the commission of some further criminal act against his person, or to obtain ransom

Nicholas Ii

2005-03-17T19:07:00.000-08:00

Russian in full Nikolay Aleksandrovich the last Russian emperor (1895–1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution.

Norfolk Island Pine

2005-03-17T15:30:00.000-08:00

The wood of large trees is used in construction, furniture,

Abe Isoo

2005-03-16T14:13:00.000-08:00

Abe was attracted to socialism while studying for the ministry in the United States, where he graduated from the Hartford (Conn.)

Rosidae, The order Celastrales

2005-03-16T09:37:00.000-08:00

The Celastrales consists of up to 12 families and a little more than 2,000 species, of which Celastraceae, Hippocrateaceae, Aquifoliaceae, and Icacinaceae comprise the bulk of the order. The members are generally woody plants with simple leaves and regular flowers with fused petals. There is usually a single set of stamens that normally alternate with the petals. The order

Henry I

2005-03-15T21:57:00.000-08:00

Henry was the son of Alfonso VIII of Castile and his wife Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of England, after whom he was named. He was killed, while still a boy, by the fall of a tile from a roof. Sovereignty over Castile was then assumed by Alfonso VIII's cousin, Alfonso IX, king of Leon.

Ligeti, György

2005-03-14T23:26:00.000-08:00

Ligeti, of Hungarian ancestry, studied and taught music in Hungary until 1956. Later he was associated with centres of new music in Cologne and Darmstadt, Ger., Stockholm, and Vienna, where he composed

Ashurbanipal

2005-03-14T11:21:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Assurbanipal, or Asurbanipal last of the great kings of Assyria (reigned 668 to 627 BC), who assembled in Nineveh the first systematically organized library in the ancient Middle East.

Arabia, Tribal relations

2005-03-14T08:36:00.000-08:00

Throughout Arabian history, even during phases of foreign rule, it was the free, arms-bearing tribesmen who dominated other classes of society, be the tribes nomadic or oasis dwellers, settled farmers in the highlands, or sailors, traders, and pirates gaining their livelihood at sea. The sultans, emirs, and sheikhs were drawn from the tribes, whom they had to cosset to

Lord Steward

2005-03-13T09:54:00.000-08:00

Also called Lord Steward Of The Household, in England, an official of the royal household, whose duties were originally domestic and who was known as the “chief steward” of the household. The office was of considerable political importance under the Tudors and Stuarts, and it carried cabinet rank during the 18th century. In 1924 it ceased to be a political appointment and since then it has been filled at the discretion

China, Western challenge, 183960

2005-03-13T06:59:00.000-08:00

The opium question, the direct cause of the first Sino-British clash in the 19th century, began with a late 18th-century British attempt to counterbalance their unfavourable China trade with traffic in Indian opium. After monopolizing the opium trade in 1779, the East India Company's government began to sell the drug at auction to private British traders in India, who shipped

Burgage

2005-03-13T06:03:00.000-08:00

In England and Scotland, an ancient form of tenure that applied to property within the boundaries of boroughs, or burghs. In England land or tenements within a borough were held by payment of rent to the king or some other lord; the terms varied in different boroughs. Among English feudal tenures, burgage ranked as a form of socage, the holding of land in return for agricultural

Consejo Real

2005-03-13T05:51:00.000-08:00

Spanish royal council medieval Spanish advisory council consisting of nobles and church prelates. Initially created at the request of the Cortes (parliament) to serve as its permanent representative, the consejo real evolved into a body controlled by the monarch. John I of Castile formally determined the first council's structure in 1386, adding four members, usually lawyers, to the former

Hinduism, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

2005-03-11T10:39:00.000-08:00

The Vedic god Rudra gained in importance from the end of the Rigvedic period. In the Svetasvatara Upanishad, Rudra is for the first time called Siva and is described as the creator, preserver, and destroyer of the universe. His followers are called on to worship him with devotion (bhakti). The tendency for the laity to form themselves into religious guilds, or societies—evident

Aurès

2005-03-10T19:14:00.000-08:00

Latin Aurasius Mons, mountains, part of the Saharan Atlas in northeastern Algeria, northern Africa, fronted by rugged cliffs in the north and opening out in the south into the two parallel fertile valleys of the wadies Abiod and 'Abdi, facing the Sahara. The highest peaks, which are snowcapped during winter, include Mount Chélia (7,638 feet [2,328 m]), the highest point in northern Algeria, and Mount Mahmel

Drexel, Katharine, Saint

2005-03-10T17:18:00.000-08:00

Drexel was the daughter of the American financier and

Fish-finder

2005-03-10T16:01:00.000-08:00

Also called Netsonde, in commercial fishing, high-frequency sonar device for locating schools of fish. It transmits sound waves downward and receives echoes from the bottom of the sea, or from intervening schools of fish, also indicating distance from ship to fish. Two different types are used, one of which is a simple “echo sounder” that points directly downward from the ship and indicates

Holstein Interglacial Stage

2005-03-09T23:01:00.000-08:00

Major division of Pleistocene deposits and time in Europe (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 1,600,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago). The Holstein Interglacial followed the Elsterian Glacial Stage and preceded the Saale Glacial Stage. The Holstein Interglacial is correlated with the Hoxne Interglacial Stage of Britain and the Mindel-Riss Interglacial Stage of

Argonaut

2005-03-09T22:25:00.000-08:00

First submarine to navigate extensively in the open sea, built in 1897 by the American engineer and naval architect Simon Lake. Designed to send out divers rather than to sink ships, the Argonaut was fitted with wheels for travel on the bottom of the sea and had an airtight chamber with a hatch that could be opened to the sea when the air pressure of the chamber and of the water

Meletios Pegas

2005-03-09T11:42:00.000-08:00

A monastic superior at Candia, Meletios studied at Padua and Venice, from which he was sent into exile. Soon after 1575 he entered

Ninazu

2005-03-08T15:49:00.000-08:00

In Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, the city god of Enegir, which was located on the Euphrates River between Larsa and Ur in the southern orchard region. Ninazu was also the city god of Eshnunna (modern Tall al-Asmar in eastern Iraq). Ninazu, whose name means “Water Knower,” was primarily an underworld deity, although the exact nature of his character or functions

Florencia

2005-03-07T13:46:00.000-08:00

Capital of Caquetá department, southeastern Colombia, in the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera (mountains) Oriental, on the Río Orteguaza, a tributary of the Caquetá. It was founded in 1908 by Capuchin missionaries. Cattle raising and rice cultivation are widespread around Florencia. The city also serves as a trading centre for the densely forested lowlands to

Indian Ocean, Ocean basins

2005-03-07T09:45:00.000-08:00

Ocean basins are characterized by smooth, flat plains of thick sediment with abyssal hills (i.e., less than 3,300 feet high) at the bottom flanks of the oceanic ridges. The Indian Ocean's complex ridge topography led to the formation of many basins that range in width from 200 to 5,600 miles. From roughly north to south they include the Arabian, Somali, Mascarene, Madagascar, Mozambique,

Nitrous Acid

2005-03-06T18:05:00.000-08:00

Nitrous acid decomposes into nitric oxide,

Mithan

2005-03-06T13:49:00.000-08:00

Cattle species also known as gayal (q.v.).

Fahd

2005-03-05T10:30:00.000-08:00

Fahd was the first son of Hassa Sudairi after her remarriage to the founder of the kingdom, Ibn Sa'ud. Court educated in religion, chivalry, and politics, Fahd was named minister

Hafiz Ibrahim, Muhammad

2005-03-05T09:05:00.000-08:00

Hafiz was a lawyer and later a lieutenant in the Egyptian army, from which he retired in 1901. During the next 10 years he wrote his well-known odes denouncing imperialism and wrote his nationalistic poems. His superb skill as a reciter of poetry won him a prominent place in society, and he became director of literature

Asthma

2005-03-05T06:48:00.000-08:00

A chronic disorder of the lungs in which inflamed airways are prone to constrict, causing episodes of breathlessness, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness that range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Inflamed airways become hypersensitive to a variety of stimuli, including dust mites, animal dander, pollen, air pollution, cigarette smoke, medications,

West Bank

2005-03-05T03:36:00.000-08:00

The approximately 2,270-square-mile (5,900-square-kilometre) area is the centre of contending

Actinolite

2005-03-03T13:44:00.000-08:00

An amphibole mineral in the tremolite-actinolite-ferrotremolite series of calcium, magnesium, and iron silicates. The minerals in this series are abundant in regionally metamorphosed rocks, such as schists. Tremolite may weather to talc, and both tremolite and actinolite may alter to chlorite or carbonates. For chemical formula and detailed physical properties,

Pale

2005-03-03T05:42:00.000-08:00

In imperial Russia, what came to be called the Pale of Settlement (Cherta Osedlosti) came into being as a result of the introduction

Bascom, Florence

2005-03-02T23:12:00.000-08:00

Bascom earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Wisconsin, and she later received the first Ph.D. awarded to a woman at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (1893). Bascom then taught at Ohio State University

Visitation

2005-03-02T21:21:00.000-08:00

The visit, described in the Gospel According to Luke (1:39–56), made by the Virgin Mary, pregnant with the infant Jesus, to her cousin Elizabeth. At the sound of Mary's greeting, the pregnant Elizabeth felt the infant St. John the Baptist leap in her womb, which, according to later doctrine, signified that he had become sanctified and cleansed of original sin. Mary then said the Magnificat

Pabst, G.w.

2005-03-01T08:07:00.000-08:00

In full Georg Wilhelm Pabst German film director whose films were among the most artistically successful of the 1920s. Pabst's films are marked by social and political concerns, deep psychological insight, memorable female protagonists, and human conflicts with culture and society. He is also noted for

Interior Design, Religious interiors

2005-02-28T13:23:00.000-08:00

Religious architecture is heavily influenced by symbolic concepts as well as by the ritual and traditions of a particular faith. Designers of religious interiors must, therefore, base their approach on a set of rules preceding all other design considerations. The simple and modest Quaker prayerhouses, for instance, express the tenets of that faith as clearly

Cumali, Necati

2005-02-28T09:46:00.000-08:00

At the age of 18 Cumali began publishing poetry. After graduating from what is now Ankara (Turkey) University in 1941, he held a variety of jobs and practiced law from

Argentina, Mesopotamia

2005-02-28T05:34:00.000-08:00

The northern part of the Mesopotamian region was first settled by Spaniards from Asunción, who in 1588 founded the city of Corrientes near the confluence of the Alto Paraná and Paraguay rivers. In the south settlers from Santa Fe crossed the Paraná River and established what became the city of Paraná. Having founded towns along navigable rivers, the Spanish secured

Carian Language

2005-02-27T10:33:00.000-08:00

Ancient language spoken in the southernmost area of western Anatolia. The language is known primarily from the more than 100 Carian graffiti that were left by Carian mercenaries who served in Egypt. Clay tablets and monumental inscriptions in the language have also been found in Caria since World War II. Carian appears to be written in an alphabetic script. Not enough

Hoffmann, Josef

2005-02-27T01:56:00.000-08:00

Hoffman studied under Otto Wagner in Vienna and in 1899 joined in the founding of the Vienna Sezession, which, although influenced by the Art Nouveau movement, was more modernist than Wagner's approach. Beginning

Bearberry

2005-02-26T21:54:00.000-08:00

Also called Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), flowering, prostrate, evergreen shrubs, of the heath family (Ericaceae), occurring widely throughout North America in rocky and sandy woods and open areas. It has woody stems that are often 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 feet) long. Roots develop from the stem joints, and the plant spreads, forming a broad, massive ground cover. The foliage turns

Ventifact

2005-02-26T09:31:00.000-08:00

Stone that has received one or more highly polished, flattened facets as a result of erosion by windblown sand. The facets are cut in sequence and correlate with the dominant wind direction. As one surface is cut, the stone may become out of balance and may turn to expose another surface to the wind. A ventifact that has been eroded to three curved facets is called a dreikanter.

Alkaline Phosphatase

2005-02-25T06:22:00.000-08:00

Enzyme that is normally present in high concentrations in growing bone and in bile. It is essential for the deposition of minerals in the bones and teeth. Alkaline phosphatase deficiency is a hereditary trait called hypophosphatasia, which results in bone deformities. In severe cases, the deficiency leads to early death from infection. Alkaline phosphatase is

Rueda, Lope De

2005-02-25T01:08:00.000-08:00

A gold-beater by trade, Rueda was probably attracted to the stage by touring Italian actors; he organized a traveling theatre company and as its autor, or author-manager, took his troupe throughout Spain. He became popular and played

Xanthophyta

2005-02-25T00:24:00.000-08:00

Division or phylum of algae commonly known as yellow-green algae (q.v.).

Aviation

2005-02-24T05:39:00.000-08:00

The first man-made objects to fly were balloons, which were pioneered in France by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783. Some of the

East Hartford

2005-02-23T19:02:00.000-08:00

Urban town (township), Hartford county, central Connecticut, U.S., across the Connecticut River from Hartford. The area, called Podunk by the Indians, was first settled in 1639 by John Crow. Organized as a parish in 1746 and originally part of Hartford, it was incorporated as a separate town in 1783 and experienced early industrial development (papermaking and the manufacture of gunpowder,

Jabiru

2005-02-23T13:05:00.000-08:00

(species Jabiru mycteria), a typical stork of the New World, ranging from Mexico to Argentina. The jabiru belongs to the stork family, Ciconiidae (order Ciconiiformes). It is mostly white, with the naked skin of the head and upper neck black and red. The unusually heavy bill is slightly upturned. The jabiru is one of the largest American flying birds, reaching a length of 140 cm

April Fools' Day

2005-02-23T11:27:00.000-08:00

Also called All Fools' Day in most countries the first day of April. It received its name from the custom of playing practical jokes on this day—for example, telling friends that their shoelaces are untied or sending them on so-called fools' errands. Although the day has been observed for centuries, there are different explanations for its origin. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of

Western Indian Bronze

2005-02-22T16:36:00.000-08:00

Important hoards have been discovered at Akota, near

Loyalty Islands

2005-02-21T20:04:00.000-08:00

French Îles Loyauté, limestone coral group in the French overseas territory of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Comprising the islands of Ouvéa, Lifou, and Maré (qq.v.), the group has a total area of 761 square miles (1,970 square km) and nowhere rises higher than 300 feet (90 m). The islands were sighted by Europeans early in the 19th century and were long a focus of Anglo-French conflict. Annexed by France

Scandinavian Literature, Neoromantic revival

2005-02-21T11:23:00.000-08:00

In the 1890s a Neoromantic poetic revival occurred, reinstating the value of emotion and fantasy. The leader of these Symbolist poets was Johannes Jørgensen, whose finest works show a simplicity of style and intensity of feeling. Other poets of the time included Viggo Stuckenberg, who expressed sad resignation; Sophus Claussen, whose poems, often obscure, show sensuality,

Colfax

2005-02-21T04:04:00.000-08:00

County, northeastern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the north by Colorado. Its westernmost section is in the Southern Rocky Mountains and includes the Cimarron range, topped by 12,441-foot (3,782-m) Baldy Peak, and the Sangre de Cristo range, which rises to more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and includes the Carson National Forest. Between the two mountain ranges is Eagle Nest Lake, the county's largest body

Galba

2005-02-20T08:35:00.000-08:00

Galba was the son of the consul Gaius Sulpicius Galba and Mummia Achaica, and in addition to great wealth and ancient lineage he enjoyed the favour of the emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He began his senatorial career before

Byron, John

2005-02-19T21:38:00.000-08:00

The second son of the 4th Baron Byron, he was a midshipman on board the Wager in 1741 when it was wrecked off the coast of Chile during George Anson's voyage round the world. After unparalleled hardships Byron eventually reached

Daniell, John Frederic

2005-02-19T00:06:00.000-08:00

In 1820 Daniell invented a dew-point hygrometer (a device that indicates atmospheric humidity), which came into widespread use. In his Meteorological Essays and Observations (1823), Daniell

Photography, Technology Of, Aerial photography

2005-02-18T21:57:00.000-08:00

Reconnaissance photographs call for maximum sharpness and detail rendering. Infrared films are often used to bring out details not discernible

Biblical Literature, Samuel: the rise and significance of David

2005-02-18T17:04:00.000-08:00

The next section contains the account of Saul's fall from power and David's rise to the position of king over all Israel. Samuel, still a charismatic and political power of great consequence, received from Yahweh the message that he was to go to Bethlehem to anoint a new ruler. Because he feared reprisal from Saul, Samuel went to Bethlehem (whose elders had the same fears)

Fabricius Luscinus, Gaius

2005-02-17T23:50:00.000-08:00

Originally from Aletrium in Latium, Fabricius settled in Rome and c. 285 negotiated a dispute for the Romans with the people of Tarentum. He was consul in 282 and 278 and censor in 275. During the first consulship he rescued Thurii from defeat

Levi Strauss & Co.

2005-02-17T20:35:00.000-08:00

The company traces its origin to Levi Strauss (1829–1902), a Bavarian immigrant who arrived in San

Fuchs, Leonhard

2005-02-17T04:30:00.000-08:00

Fuchs obtained a humanistic education under Catholic guidance

French Literature, Secular drama

2005-02-16T20:34:00.000-08:00

The earliest comic plays extant date from the second half of the 13th century. Le Garçon et

Dante

2005-02-15T15:50:00.000-08:00

Dante's years of exile were years of difficult peregrinations from one place to another—as he himself repeatedly says, most effectively in Paradiso [XVII], in Cacciaguida's moving lamentation that “bitter is the taste of another man's bread and . . . heavy the way up and down another man's stair.” Throughout his exile Dante nevertheless was sustained by work on his great poem,

Fabricius Luscinus, Gaius

2005-02-15T10:32:00.000-08:00

The GFWC had its origins in 1890, when Sorosis, a women's literary

Salesian

2005-02-15T10:03:00.000-08:00

The founder of the Salesians of Don Bosco (formally, the Society of St. Francis de Sales; S.D.B.) was St. John Bosco (Don Bosco), a young priest who focused his concern on the orphaned and homeless child labourers

Chahar

2005-02-14T18:16:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Chakhar, eastern tribe of Mongols, prominent in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Chahar were part of the empire of Dayan Khan (1470–1543), the last great khan of a united Mongolia. After his death the khanate remained formally among the Chahar, although it was substantially weakened. The last noteworthy Chahar khan, Ligdan (1604–34), attempted strenuously to reassert his authority, but he was defeated

Gonaïves

2005-02-13T21:54:00.000-08:00

Capital of L'Artibonite département, western Haiti, on the northeastern shore of the Golfe de la Gonâve (Gulf of Gonaïves). Originally an Indian village called Gonaibo, it is now the commercial centre and port of the fertile Artibonite Plain, with a natural harbour; coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, mangoes, and cabinet woods are exported. In 1802 the French captured the revolutionary

Fishing Cat

2005-02-13T19:30:00.000-08:00

(species Felis viverrina), tropical cat of the family Felidae, found in India and Southeast Asia. The coat of the fishing cat is pale gray to deep brownish gray and marked with dark spots and streaks. The adult animal stands about 40 cm (16 inches) at the shoulder, weighs 8–11 kg (18–24 pounds), and is from 60 to 85 cm long, excluding the black-ringed tail, which accounts for an additional 25–30 cm. The fishing

Cambon, Jules

2005-02-12T08:38:00.000-08:00

Educated in law, Cambon entered the prefectorial administration after service in the Franco-German War (1870–71). In June 1878 he was

Earth, The concept of the geoid

2005-02-12T01:42:00.000-08:00

As noted above, the actual sea-level surface of the Earth, even in the absence of the effects of waves, winds, currents, and tides, is not a simple mathematical form. The unperturbed ocean surface must be an equipotential surface of the gravitational field, and because the latter reflects variations due to heterogeneities of density within the Earth, so also do the equipotentials.

Tasmania, Drainage

2005-02-10T23:49:00.000-08:00

There are two major river systems—the Derwent in the southeast and the South Esk in the northeast—many small systems—especially westward, flowing to the west coast—and innumerable lakes. The Central Plateau is studded with more than 4,000 lakes in a landscape similar to northern Canada and Finland; almost all, including Great Lake, are shallow. Lake St. Clair, the deepest

Papinian

2005-02-10T19:31:00.000-08:00

Papinian held high public office under the emperor Septimius Severus (reigned AD 193–211) and became vice president of the Consilium Principis,

Indian Evidence Act

2005-02-10T07:35:00.000-08:00

Act passed by the British Parliament in 1872 that set forth the rules of evidence admissible in Indian courts and that had far-reaching consequences for the traditional systems of caste government in India. Since ancient times, the way of resolving intracaste disputes had been by discussing the grievances in open meetings of the caste council. All information that

Anhydride

2005-02-10T03:04:00.000-08:00

Any chemical compound obtained, either in practice or in principle, by the elimination of water from another compound. Examples of inorganic anhydrides are sulfur trioxide, SO3, which is derived from sulfuric acid, and calcium oxide, CaO, derived from calcium hydroxide. Sulfur trioxide and other oxides formed by the removal of water from an acid are often called acid

ShutBook

Madhyamika

Alaskan Brown Bear

Mahalapye

Andalusia

France, History Of, Tax reform

Mitchell, Wesley C.

Outlawry

Cabral De Melo Neto, João

Water

Thomas, Martha Carey

Genée, Dame Adeline

Cabral De Melo Neto, João

Japanese Red Army

Aschelminth, Reproduction and development

Aholehole

Welland

Kyaikkami

Arval Brothers

Ascus

Sacramento Mountains

La Rochefoucauld Family

Amphibole

Hennepin, Louis

Abdulla, Muhammed Said

Allegheny

Bryennius, Nicephorus

Paleogene Period

Kidnapping

Nicholas Ii

Norfolk Island Pine

Abe Isoo

Rosidae, The order Celastrales

Henry I

Ligeti, György

Ashurbanipal

Arabia, Tribal relations

Lord Steward

China, Western challenge, 183960

Burgage

Consejo Real

Hinduism, The rise of the major sects: Vaishnavism, Saivism, and Saktism

Aurès

Drexel, Katharine, Saint

Fish-finder

Holstein Interglacial Stage

Argonaut

Meletios Pegas

Ninazu

Florencia

Indian Ocean, Ocean basins

Nitrous Acid

Mithan

Fahd

Hafiz Ibrahim, Muhammad

Asthma

West Bank

Actinolite

Pale

Bascom, Florence

Visitation

Pabst, G.w.

Interior Design, Religious interiors

Cumali, Necati

Argentina, Mesopotamia

Carian Language

Hoffmann, Josef

Bearberry

Ventifact

Alkaline Phosphatase

Rueda, Lope De

Xanthophyta

Aviation

East Hartford

Jabiru

April Fools' Day

Western Indian Bronze

Loyalty Islands

Scandinavian Literature, Neoromantic revival

Colfax

China, Western challenge, 183960